The Journal of Physical Education is a quarterly scientific journal specialized in publishing scientific research related to sports science, for the purposes of scientific publishing and promotions. It is issued by the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences / University of Baghdad. It was founded in (1990). The first issue was published in April (1990) and consisted of (10) Researches. The editor in chief was the Dean of the College of Physical Education Prof Dr. Ghassan Muhammad Sadiq, and the Editor manager was Dr. Ali Abdul-Zahra al-Hashemi. The Journal’s the editorial board consisted of the following: Dr. Nizar Majeed Al-Talib. Dr. Abd Ali Nassif. Dr. Abbas Ahmed al-Samarrai. Dr. Munther Hashem Al-Khatib Dr. Wajih Mahjob. Dr. Qasim Al-Mandalawi. Dr. Shamel Khameel.
College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences - University of Baghdad
A comparative study of some physiological variables among players of the Sports Talent Center in football aged (14-15) years before and after the implementation of the training units program for a period of one month
This study sought to identify specific physiological variables in football players aged 14–15 years at the Sports Talent Center and to compare the values ​​of these variables before and after one month of training sessions conducted at the center. The study's significance resides in providing accurate scientific indicators of the players' physiological state and the degree of change during the training period thus promoting to the scientific evaluation and observing of training programs for emerging age groups. The researcher used a observational comparative approach, as it was appropriate for the nature and objectives of the study. Measurements of specific physiological variables were taken for the players at the Sports Talent Center using a physiological scale. Measurements were taken before the start of the follow-up period and repeated after one month of regular training sessions at the center. The study involved a range of physiological variables related to body composition and the players' functional status. The findings demonstrated a discrepancy in the values ​​of some physiological variables between the pre- and post-measurements, revealing the changes that emerged in the players during the study period. The findings also confirmed the importance of implementing physiological measurements in observing layers' state and evaluating training programs, as these measurements supply objective information that helps coaches in proper planning and direction of the training process. The researcher advocated the necessity of applying periodic monitoring of the physiological variables of young players in sports talent centers, and incorporating the results of modern measurements in assessing training loads and developing programs designed for this age group in addition to conducting similar studies on other variables and age groups
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The effect of specific exercises based on visual scanning on handling accuracy in under-17 football players
This research aims to enhance specific exercises Grounded in visual scanning and to identify their effect on enhancing the passing accuracy of under-17 football players. The researcher used an experimental design with two groups: an experimental group and a control group, and conducted pre- and post-tests. The research sample Comprised of 25 under-17 players from the Baghdad Municipality Club, selected purposively and divided into two equivalent groups. The experimental group underwent exercises based on visual scanning, while the control group continued with traditional training. The researcher used pre-developed tests to measure passing Precision based on visual scanning, and the data were statistically analyzed using a paired-samples t-test. The findings showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in all research variables, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed exercises in improving passing accuracy. The researcher infers that incorporating visual scanning exercises into training programs effectively contributes to enhancing the skill performance of young players. The researcher emphasizes the importance of adopting these exercises within training curricula and conducting similar studies on different age groups and training levels.
Comparing the maximum strength of the static and eccentric pectoral muscles of the quadriceps as an indicator of injury in professional football players
The aim of this study was to predict the risk of hamstring (posterior quadriceps) muscle injury associated with weakness in eccentric muscle strength. The Prone ISO and Nordic tests were performed using the NordBord system from VALD to compare isometric and eccentric contractions of the same muscle group, namely the hamstring muscles, in professional soccer players competing in the Iraqi Stars League. The mean value of the Prone ISO test, which represents maximal isometric contraction, was 353.8 N, whereas the mean value of the Nordic test, which represents maximal eccentric contraction, was 288.6 N. This difference indicates a potential risk factor related to insufficient eccentric contraction capacity of the hamstring muscles. The findings demonstrated weakness in the eccentric contraction phase of the hamstring muscles. This weakness may be explained by several factors, including insufficient eccentric training of these muscles using specific exercises such as the Nordic exercise, Romanian deadlift (RDL), or other exercises designed to develop eccentric contraction capacity. If the players already perform these exercises, it is possible that they do not perform them with maximal effort against body-weight resistance, or that they require additional external loads to increase eccentric contraction capacity. The researcher recommends the use of modern testing methods, including those used in the present study, to identify optimal muscular performance and contraction capacity. Emphasis should also be placed on exercises that develop eccentric contraction of the hamstring muscles to protect them from potential injury during high-speed running and to improve their functional performance
The Effect of Educational Exercises Based on the Kemp Model on Learning the Forehand and Backhand Skills in Lawn Tennis Among Students
The study aimed to design educational exercises based on the Kemp Model to facilitate the learning of forehand and backhand strokes in tennis among students, as well as to identify the effect of these exercises on learning the two skills. To achieve this aim, the researcher employed an experimental method using a pre- and post-test design with equivalent experimental and control groups, as it suited the research problem and objectives. The research population consisted of third-year morning students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Baghdad, for the academic year 2025–2026, totaling 245 students distributed across seven sections (A, B, C, D, E, W, Y). The third-year students were selected because they study tennis within their curriculum. The sample was chosen randomly by selecting two sections to represent the experimental and control groups and then 25 students from each section were randomly selected: Section C (25 students) and Section W (25 students) making a total sample of 50 students representing 20.40% of the population. The sample was divided into two groups: an experimental group (Section C) which learned the forehand and backhand strokes using the Kemp Model and a control group (Section W) which learned using the traditional method followed by the instructor (command style) according to the prescribed physical education curriculum. Appropriate statistical treatments were applied and the results showed that educational exercises based on the Kemp Model had a positive effect on learning the forehand and backhand strokes. Furthermore these exercises provided opportunities for cooperative learning through the use of instructional aids as well as increased motivation excitement and competition among students which facilitated the learning process. The researcher recommends adopting the Kemp Model in teaching forehand and backhand strokes in tennis as it supports the effective implementation and achievement of educational objectives.
Transfer of Learning Between Selected Defensive Skills in Handball Among Third-Year Students
This research objective’s to study the transfer of learning between some basic defensive skills in handball among third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher implemented an experimental design with two groups (control and experimental), where the sample comprised of (40) students randomly assigned to (20) groups. An educational program was implemented over (8) weeks, with one training unit per week. The defensive block in one direction and various defensive movements were tested before and after the experiment. The results showed the superiority of the experimental group, which applied targeted training, in achieving positive transfer of learning between the two defensive skills. This demonstrates the prospective for leveraging skill integration to accelerate the learning process. The research recommends adopting educational strategies based on the principle of transfer of learning in teaching and instructing defensive skills in handball, and employing them to develop students' performance more effectively
The Effect of Rehabilitation Exercises on Correcting and Improving Spinal Deformities
The nature of some professions (such as dentistry, barbering, blacksmithing, lathe work, etc.) Demands continuous bending during work, directing to a hunchback that may not be very noticeable initially but will certainly become more apparent in the future and may, in some, Participants result in Persistent mobility impairment. This work nature also often causes Marked pain for those in these professions, negatively Shaping work quality. The researcher used the experimental method, Classified as most suitable for the nature of the research. The study sample Comprised of (12) dentists from the Rusafa district of Baghdad Governorate, representing a representative sample of professions. After Executing rehabilitation exercises, the researcher concluded that continuous work leads to bodily deformities, particularly spinal deformities. Additionally, dental work affects the spine and causes deformities. Rehabilitation exercises are important for professions, especially those whose work Comprises standing for long hours throughout the week
Effectiveness of special exercises on anaerobic lactic capacity transitional speed and agility for advanced futsal players
The research aims to identify the effectiveness of special exercises on the anaerobic lactic power index, transitional speed, and agility of advanced futsal players. The experimental method was used, and a group was designed for pre- and post-testing. The research population consists of 14 advanced players from Al-Masafi Club. The main section (first part), from Jan 16, to Mar 18, 2026 the training sessions were held. The sessions lasted for 8 weeks, comprising 20 training sessions, each lasting no more than 35 minutes. The interval training method was used. The calculated t-values were 2.331 (p=0.045) for anaerobic capacity; 6.658 (p=0.000) for transitional speed; and 3.257 (p=0.008) for agility. This research indicated that the specialized interval training workouts greatly increased the ability of expert futsal players to produce anaerobic lactic acid These exercises also improved speed and agility in transitions which shows that they are beneficial for the quick multidirectional performance that is needed in tactical phases in the game The research suggests that experienced futsal players should include these specialized interval training activities in their training routines since they help improve physical skills It also stresses the need for making training activities that fit with energy production systems and an emphasis on the anaerobic lactic acid system, because that's what the game needs particularly during high-intensity bursts of play that are common in futsal matches
anaerobic lactic acid production capacity
Temporal Changes in Heat Shock Protein Levels (HSP70 and HSP90) at Rest and During the First Hour After a High-Intensity Resistance Exercise Session in Weightlifters
This study was about how heat shock proteins, HSP70 and HSP90 change in the body after a really tough workout and over the next hour in top weightlifters. Heat shock proteins like HSP70 and HSP90 help us figure out how the body deals with stress from exercise. We worked with 12 weightlifters from Amanat Baghdad Sports Club. They did a resistance workout that included the snatch and clean & jerk exercises at 85–90% of their maximum lift. We took blood from these weightlifters at four times: before they started the workout right after they finished 30 minutes later and 60 minutes later. We used a test called ELISA to check the levels of HSP70 and HSP90 in their blood. The results showed that the levels of HSP70 went up a lot right after the weightlifters finished exercising and stayed high for a while. Heat shock proteins like HSP70 were still high in their blood, after some time. They went from 1.92 ± 0.38 ng/mL before exercise to 2.64 ± 0.45 ng/mL after and peaked at 30 minutes (2.98 ± 0.50 ng/mL) before going down a bit at 60 minutes. HSP90 levels did something. They went up from 2.73 ± 0.47 ng/mL before exercise to 3.35 ± 0.52 ng/mL after peaked at 30 minutes (3.68 ± 0.56 ng/mL) and then went down a bit. These findings tell us that a single tough workout makes heat shock proteins, like heat shock proteins go up fast in weightlifters. This increase in heat shock proteins happens after you do your exercise and it peaks within thirty minutes. Then it goes down over the next sixty minutes. This shows that your body is turning on things to help with stress from exercise like the stress from a workout. The results also suggest that HSP70 and HSP90 could be things to look at to track how stress your body is, under and to manage your workout loads in people who do strength training like strength athletes who do strength training.
The Effect of Game-Based Learning Using Small-Sided Games on the Performance of the High Serve Skill in Badminton among Beginner Female Students
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a game-based learning strategy using small-sided games on improving the performance of the high serve skill in badminton among beginner female students. The study employed an experimental design with a pre-test and post-test for two groups. The participants consisted of 40 first-year female students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the University of Baghdad. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (n = 20), which was taught using a game-based learning strategy involving small-sided games, and a control group (n = 20), which followed the traditional teaching method based on explanation, demonstration, and repetitive drills. The experimental program lasted eight weeks, with two instructional sessions per week. A standardized badminton high serve skill test was used to measure the participants’ performance before and after the instructional program. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistical tests, including paired samples t-test and independent samples t-test. The results revealed significant improvements in both groups between the pre-test and post-test measurements. However, the experimental group showed significantly greater improvement compared with the control group in the post-test results. The findings suggest that game-based learning using small-sided games provides an effective teaching strategy for enhancing motor skill acquisition and improving badminton serve performance among beginner students in physical education settings.
Female College Students’ Attitude towards Physical Activity
This study sought to identify the range to which female university students are tended to towards physical activity, and to demonstrate the level of their attitudes and the variables associated with them. The explanatory survey method was adopted as it was appropriate for the nature of the issue. The research sample comprised of (150) first-year female students from the University of Baghdad College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences recruited purposively. The researcher developed a special scale to measure attitudes towards physical activity, which in its final form consisted of (30) items. The findings of the statistical analysis showed that the scale had a high degree of validity and reliability, with Cronbach's alpha coefficient reaching (0.851). All elements also showed discriminatory power and statistical significance at the (0.05) level. The findings suggest a significant difference between the arithmetic mean (115.965) and the hypothetical mean (90), in favor of the arithmetic mean, which indicates that the students have a positive attitude towards physical activity. The study advocated capitalizing on this trend by designing supportive university programs to transform this positive attitude into a sustainable practice.
The Learning Gap between Classroom Education and Artificial Intelligence-Based Education in Curriculum Design among Students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences from the Students' Perspective
The present study aimed to identify the learning gap between classroom-based education and artificial intelligence (AI)-based education among students of Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. It also sought to determine the effectiveness of classroom education and AI-based education in reducing the learning gap among these students. The research problem addressed the following questions: Are there statistically significant differences in the learning gap between students who learn through traditional classroom education and those who learn through AI-based education in Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences? What is the nature of the learning gap between classroom education and AI-based education among these students? Which educational approach is more effective in reducing the learning gap? The results of the study indicated that there is a learning gap between classroom education and AI-based education among students of Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The findings also revealed that the use of artificial intelligence technologies contributes to improving the quality of the educational process and enhancing the design of educational curricula. Furthermore, AI helps address individual differences among students by providing learning content that aligns with their needs and learning abilities. Based on these findings, the researcher recommends enhancing the integration of artificial intelligence in the educational process. AI technologies can provide advanced analytical tools that assist teachers in monitoring students' progress and diagnosing learning difficulties more accurately. In addition, several challenges still hinder the effective implementation of AI in education, which requires further efforts to overcome these obstacles and promote the successful integration of AI technologies in educational environments.
Comparative Study of the Time Variable Between Grab Start and Track Start Types in Freestyle Swimming for Elite Swimmers
Research aims to identify the time variable values between the two types of start: the Grab start and the track start in advanced freestyle swimming, and see the difference of the time variable between the two types of start: the Grab start and the track start in advanced freestyle swimming. To achieve the research objective, the researcher used a descriptive method using a comparative approach, as it was best suited to the research problem. The research sample was selected purposively, consisting of four (4) advanced swimmers from the national 100m freestyle team, representing 80% of the original research population of five (5) swimmers, due to injury, one of swimmer was excluded. The researchers conducted the test with video recording, and performed kinematic analysis of the swimmers using the Kinovea analysis software to extract the biomechanical variables related to start time. Appropriate statistical analyses were performed, and the researcher concluded that the swimmers achieved a shorter start time in the Grab start compared to starting from the track start, indicating its better in improving the overall performance time of the freestyle swim. The Grab start contributed to reducing the time of the start and entering the water more efficiently, due to faster reaction times and more efficient distribution of kinetic energy. Furthermore, the type of start used had a clear impact on gaining initial speed, which positively affected maintaining movement rhythm during the first meters of the swim race. The researcher recommends using the Grab start as a basically method in training and competitions in freestyle swimming for the advanced category, due to its superiority in reducing the time variable and improving the achievement, and the necessity of including special training for the start phase within the daily training units, with a focus on developing reaction speed and explosive power of the legs, also the necessity of using video recording and motion analysis to evaluate the swimmers’ performance in the start phase and correct technical errors.
Effectiveness of counseling sessions based on psychological stability integrated with relaxation exercises in regulating sleep for youth football players
Football is among the team sports that require psychological preparation, so the players can be able to control their emotions and adapt their behave to the circumstances and their psychological state. In this context the psychological factor very important to determine the quality of performance on the field, it can even be the difference between success and failure for players with similar physical and skill levels. A lot of young football players suffer from sleep disorders because of the psychological pressures that come with training and competition, which affects negatively their physical and mental performance. even with the importance of sleep as un important factor in promoting recovery and improving athletic performance, few studies have addressed the impact of psychological interventions like stabilization exercises, on improving sleep quality in this age group. So, the importance of stabilization programs as an effective means of improving sleep quality and promoting emotional balance to the athletes. Psychological stabilization includes a set of training techniques such as progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, and breathing exercises, which have been proven to contribute to reducing anxiety and improving sleep quality. The research aims to prepare guidance sessions based on psychological stabilization combined with relaxation exercises in regulating sleep for young football players, and to identify the effect of guidance sessions based on psychological stabilization combined with relaxation exercises in regulating sleep for young football players. This study adopted the quasi-experimental design method as it is suitable for the nature of the research, where a psychological training program (psychological stabilization exercises) was applied to a group of young football players, with pre- and post-measurement of the level of sleep. The study sample included (20) young football players, aged between (14-16) years, who train regularly at the Police Sports Club. The sample was selected purposively (not randomly) to meet the study criteria. The results showed a significant increase in total sleep time after the application of the psychological training program, with an average of +30.47 minutes (Cohen's d = 3.37), indicating a very significant effect of the program. Studies point to that meditation and breathing exercises incentivize the parasympathetic nervous system and reduce excessive nervous activity, all of this makes it easier to fall asleep and increasing sleep duration. Depending on this, the researchers reached conclusions, including that the players showed improved sleep duration and the proportion of deep sleep stages, that supporting their physical and psychological recovery. the results give strength to the hypothesis that non-pharmacological psychological training can be a sustainable option for improving athletic performance by enhancing sleep. Other conclusions include adopting psychological stabilization training programs as part of the training plans for young athletes, especially during periods of increased competitive pressure, putting mindfulness techniques into training sessions, Couse of their direct impact on sleep, attention, and mental performance.
The Effect of Static Stretching and Full Dynamic Stretching of Opposing Body Segments Using Elastic Resistance Bands on Motor Balance and Dynamic Flexibility in Youth Basketball Players
This study aimed to investigate the effect of static stretching and full dynamic stretching exercises using elastic resistance bands on the development of motor balance and dynamic flexibility in youth basketball players. The research sample consisted of (12) youth players from Al-Adhamiya Sports Club basketball team, who participated in a training program utilizing elastic resistance bands alongside their regular training for a duration of (8) weeks, with (3) training sessions per week. To measure the study variables, the Modified Bass Test of Dynamic Balance was used to assess motor balance, and a dynamic flexibility test was employed to evaluate movement flexibility. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group in both motor balance and dynamic flexibility, in favor of the post-test, indicating the effectiveness of the training program using elastic resistance bands in improving these physical abilities. The researcher attributes this improvement to the nature of elastic resistance exercises, which provide progressive resistance throughout the full range of motion, thereby enhancing neuromuscular balance and increasing joint range of motion. Furthermore, the findings showed that training opposing body segments contributed to improving muscular balance and reducing asymmetry between the two sides of the body, while static stretching exercises enhanced muscular stability and neuromuscular control, and full dynamic stretching exercises contributed to increasing functional range of motion associated with basketball skill performance.
Psychological hesitation and its relation to the performance level of diving skill among second year female students
The significance of the present research is to know the nature of the relationship between psychological hesitation and the level of skill performance in the diving skill among second-year female students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Baghdad, for the academic year (2024-2025). It also intends to introduce the idea of psychological hesitation in diving skill and how to deal with it. The researcher used the descriptive analytical approach because it is appropriate to the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of (30) female students, purposely selected from those who regularly attended the practical classes, aged between (19-21) years. The researcher applied a Psychological Hesitation Scale, a Diving Skill Performance Evaluation Form, and a demographic information questionnaire. Data were analyzed with the suitable statistical methods using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS v26). The results demonstrated a high level of psychological hesitation in the students, especially in the dimension of hesitation in motor decision-making. They further reported a strong, statistically significant negative correlation between psychological hesitation and skill performance (r = -0.721), suggesting that as psychological hesitation increases, technical performance decreases. The study recommends the need to include psychological preparation in educational programs, to take a gradual approach in teaching skills, and to periodically assess the levels of psychological hesitation in order to improve the quality of skill performance
An analytical study of neuromuscular coupling at maximum load for weightlifters utilizing high-density electromyography of the surface for the snatch lift
this study aimed to analyze the characteristics of the neuromuscular coupling during maximal load performance (100% maximum performance of one-repetition) in the snatch lift among weightlifters, by using a high-density surface electromyography (HD-sEMG). The study adopted a descriptive analytical approach that have a correlational nature which included a sample of 12 weightlifters from the Al-Kadhimiya Sports Club with at least five years of training experience. The electrical activity (of the two main muscles involved in the second pull phase of the snatch lift, namely the vastus lateralis and the gluteus maximus), has been recorded, along with the analysis of motor unit discharge rate and muscle fiber conduction velocity by using an advanced decomposition algorithms. The results showed a strong correlation between the maximum strength and the neural discharge rate in the vastus lateralis muscle, as well as a significant correlation between the fiber conduction velocity in the same muscle and maximum strength (1RM) in the snatch lift. In addition, a moderate correlation has been also observed between the discharge rate in the gluteus maximus muscle and maximum strength, but the conduction velocity in this muscle has not reached the level of statistical significance. However, the main conclusions that have been based on the study's results indicate that neural efficiency, (particularly the regulation of discharge rate with the recruitment of high-threshold motor units during the second pull phase of the snatch lift), represents a fundamental determinant of strength production under maximum loads.
The Relationship Between Lower-Limb Explosive Strength and Jump Performance in Female Rhythmic Gymnasts
The project of inquiry employed a narrative approach to examine the relationship between the inadequate jumping abilities of female college those studying mathematics and their lack of durability for quicker acceleration. Thirty female students, ages 14–16, with an average training duration of 5.77 years, made up the sample. The Sargent has test, the leap of height test, and the status broad vertical jump were used to measure explosive power. Four dance jumps—the cat leap, scissor jump, side kick, and large jump—were used to evaluate the students' performance, and their cumulative jump score was calculated. Descriptive stats the Shapiro-Wilk test to confirm normality, and the Pearson correlation coefficient, which to evaluate how it relates between variables were used to examine the data. Increased electrical production a capacity always corresponds to better performance on every single scrutinized skills, according to the results, which showed strong and considered statistically significant beneficial association (p < 0.01) between gauges for powerful force and individual's measurement of even total jumping athletic achievement scores. The findings indicate that lower-extremities explosive strength is a crucial wounding determinant particularly predictive measure of jump athletic performance in rhythmic gymnastics, warranting its systematic development in training regimens to enhance technical execution. Leg strength tests showed strong positive links to both solely and total peak performances (p < 0.01). These results indicate that elevated lower-limb strength during flight is significantly associated with enhanced functional training and in general jump execution during rhythmic gymnastics in the research indicates that leg strength with power is crucial for jump speed and must be incorporated into rhythmic exercise training regimens.
The Effect of Elastic Resistance Band Training on Developing Muscular Power and Reactive Agility in Under-18 Basketball Players
The study aimed to identify the effect of elastic resistance band training on developing lower- and upper-limb muscular power and reactive agility among under-18 basketball players. The experimental method was used with a pre- and post-test design for two equivalent groups (experimental and control). Twelve Al-Defaa Al-Jawiy volleyball players were randomly assigned into two groups of six individuals. The experimental group underwent an 8-week training program using elastic resistance bands, with a frequency of three times per week, independent of the traditional intervention applied to the control group. Strength of the lower-limb musculature was assessed by vertical jumping, strength of the upper-limb musculature by medicine ball throwing and reactive agility using visual reaction time testing. The post-test results showed statistically significant differences that favored the experimental group in all research variables and exhibited a tendency of muscular power and reactive agility improvements when compared with the control group. It was founding that elastic resistance band training can be an effective and safe way to develop these physical abilities associated with skill performance in youth basketball due to its generation of the progressive resistance, which contributes to the neuromuscular benefits and movement efficiency.
The Effect of the Hot Chair Strategy on Developing Cognitive Achievement in the Law of Volleyball among Female Students
The Hot Chair strategy is considered one of the cooperative learning strategies that relies on interactive dialogue and discussion among students to enhance cognitive understanding. This study aimed to identify the effect of the Hot Chair strategy on developing cognitive achievement in volleyball rules among female students. The study adopted a quasi-experimental approach using a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre-tests and post-tests. The study sample consisted of 60 female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Baghdad during the 2025–2026 academic year. The experimental group included 30 students who were taught using the Hot Chair strategy, while the control group consisted of 30 students who were taught using the traditional discussion method. To measure cognitive achievement, a Cognitive Achievement Test for Volleyball Rules was developed. The test was a multiple-choice exam consisting of 20 items covering key topics related to volleyball rules. The test items were designed according to the curriculum content and relevant scientific references to ensure their suitability and validity. The results showed statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in favor of the experimental group. These findings indicate the effectiveness of the Hot Chair strategy in improving students’ cognitive achievement in volleyball rules. The strategy provides an interactive learning environment based on dialogue, discussion, and active participation, which helps students better understand and comprehend the legal concepts of the game. Accordingly, the study recommends adopting the Hot Chair strategy in teaching volleyball rules in colleges of physical education and sports sciences and encouraging the use of active learning strategies in teaching different sports subjects.
The Reality of The Organizational Crises Inside Iraqi Football Association from The Perspective of Iraqi Stars League Coaches
This study aimed to identify the reality of the organizational crises experienced by the Iraqi Football Association during the Iraqi Stars League. This was achieved by developing and applying a scale to measure the reality of these organizational crises from the perspective of the Iraqi Stars League coaches. The research population consisted of 76 coaches and assistant coaches from the Iraqi Stars League clubs, and the research sample was the same size. The researchers developed a questionnaire based on the organizational crisis scale and administered it to the research sample. The researchers reached several conclusions, including identifying several levels of crisis based on the results and statistics obtained (very high, high, medium, low, and very low). The results showed that the crises were at the very high level, affecting 36% of the research sample. The results also revealed a clear crisis in the continuity of league matches, particularly during the preparation periods for the World Cup qualifiers preceding FIFA international windows. This is due to the Federation announcing sudden and lengthy league suspensions, followed by compressing the match schedule to compensate for these unnecessary breaks. This constitutes an organizational crisis as it is inconsistent with the schedules of other Arab leagues.
The Effect of Integrating Mental and Skill Training on Enhancing Skill Performance under Competitive Pressure in U18 Basketball Players
This study sought to examine whether the combination of mental and skill training enhanced performance stability under competitive pressure in u-18 basketball players. The experimental research was conducted pretesting and post testing with a two-equivalent groups design. The sample for the current study was comprised of 12 subjects, who were randomly divided into two groups of six. Integrated mental and skill training A combined nine-weeks of mental and skills training program (3 times per week) was given to experimental group, however normal training programmed were allotted to the control one. The basketball-specific skill tests and a competitive golf anxiety scale were administered to obtain the data that was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Findings identified variables with significant differences in terms of the experimental group performance, such as an increase on shooting accuracy and dribbling speed and passing accuracy and composite skill performance increased for the experimental group, while competitive pressure significantly decreased when compared to control. Results suggest that the methodical inclusion of mental and skill training is an effective way to improve athletic performance and increase skill performance consistency under competition pressure in young basketball players. Therefore, the study suggests introducing organized mental programs within daily training loads of these sports clubs and basketball academies.
The Effect of Contrast Training on the Development of Muscular Power and Selected Physiological Indicators in Advanced Basketball Players
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of contrast training on the development of muscular power and selected physiological indicators in advanced basketball players. An experimental design with two equivalent groups was employed. The sample consisted of twelve players from Al-Difa’a Al-Jawi Basketball Club, who were randomly assigned into an experimental group (n = 6) and a control group (n = 6). The experimental group followed a contrast training program for eight weeks, with three training sessions per week, while the control group continued their regular training program. The dependent variables included muscular power tests (vertical jump and seated medicine ball throw) and selected physiological indicators (resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate recovery). Pre- and post-tests were conducted for both groups. The results revealed statistically significant improvements in all physical and physiological variables in favor of the experimental group compared with the control group. These findings indicate that contrast training is an effective training method for enhancing muscular power and improving cardiovascular efficiency in advanced basketball players. The study concludes that incorporating contrast training into training programs can significantly contribute to improving physical performance and physiological adaptation. Therefore, it is recommended that coaches and practitioners adopt this training method within modern training programs for competitive basketball players.
The Effect of Tactical Exercises Based on Maximal Aerobic Capacity on Developing Some Physical Abilities and Fast Offensive Transition in Youth Basketball Players
Exclusive drills are acknowledged as good strategies to build physical and tactical condition in players, since they represent gaming situations and are related to the correlation of the physical exercise with training. If these drills are devised for maximum oxygen consumption (VMA), players will be able to exert themselves at or near their competitive intensity and/or work load, which in turn helps develop specific endurance, speed, strength, agility and quick directional change abilities. The research problem arises from the weakness of such capabilities, that are evident in youth players (mainly slow transition between defense and offense, less precision under fatigue). Therefore, tacks were practiced during seven weeks in a group of six junior players with two sessions per week and tests were performed. The investigator’s results show that the effectiveness of the training exercises is due to combining physical and tactical elements in a game-type training context, which enables some physical capacities and fast transitions on offense in basketball to be trained. According to these results, the study suggests including tactical games pr eg -specific to maximum aerobic power in youth training programs where intensity and variety of training loads should progressively range from moderate too intense for optimal physical an d technical effectiveness.
The Effect of Rehabilitation Exercises Accompanied by A Point-Laser Device on Restoring the Functional Abilities of The Injured Shoulder Joint in Advanced Athletes Participating in Sports Activities
The study aimed to identify the effect of rehabilitation exercises on advanced athletes participating in sports activities who suffer from partial muscle tears in the shoulder joint. The researcher used the experimental method with a one-group design employing pre- and post-measurements, as it suited the nature of the study. The research population was intentionally selected from sports clubs and included athletes aged 20 years and above with partial shoulder muscle tears, while the main sample consisted of five players and an additional two players from the same population were used for the pilot study. The research problem was evident in the high incidence of shoulder injuries among athletes, especially in team sports such as basketball, handball, volleyball, and football goalkeepers, which deprived teams of their participation and affected performance levels. The results revealed statistically significant differences between pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-tests, indicating improvements in muscular strength and shoulder joint range of motion. The rehabilitation exercises combined with the point-laser device contributed to a clear development in shoulder girdle muscle strength and improved range of motion in all directions, leading to the restoration of functional efficiency of the shoulder joint. The researcher recommended prioritizing physical and movement-based rehabilitation before surgical intervention in cases of shoulder tendon tears, emphasizing flexibility exercises due to their significant benefits, training athletes on proper protective movements during sudden injuries—such as correct falling techniques and avoiding landing on fully extended arms by internally rotating the shoulder—and using focused exercises such as anterior and posterior push-ups in their various forms as simple and continuous bodyweight exercises to strengthen the working muscles, given their ease of application at different times and locations.
The Impact of a Psychological Guidance Program on Reducing Role Conflict Among First-Degree Referees Participating in The Iraqi Stars League in Football
The first-class referees officiating the Iraqi Stars League are confronted with a variety of functions they execute during one refereeing season. Referee perform different tasks apart from opposing robots such as Main Referee, Assistant Referee, Fourth Official and Social and Professional Activities. Role conflict in this case may arise from the divergent and highly abstract expec­tations fostered by different role set members. With the incredible technical and competitive progress experienced by Iraqi Stars League and an increase in the amount of first-class referees’ pressure, there arises a pressing necessity to create scientifically based counseling programs that reduces role conflict among referees and develops their cognitive-behavioral capacities. This, in its turn, can be good for refereeing and decision-making on the field. Role conflict is considered one the psychological problems that can lead to increased anxiety, distraction and difficulty in making decisions, which have a harmful effect on referring level of performance. This research aims at indicating the effect of a counseling program as a mean of decreasing role conflict for first class referee in concrete situations in Iraq Star League (football). The study reached to the conclusion that counselling programmed had a positive and significant impact in lowering down the role conflict level of referees. The programmer also enhanced their psychological and professional adaption on duty performance in refereeing. Therefore, it is suggested to incorporate counseling program in the preparatory and development programs implemented by the Iraqi Football Association.
The effect of strength training on blood levels of (lysine and valine) in tennis players
The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of strength training program on blood lysine and valine levels in tennis players. 6 players aged 18–20 years were sampled. The training intervention was implemented over 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Plasma lysine and valine were determined before and after the training period. Results indicated that the contents of lysine and valine increased evidently following training. The finding also indicated that muscle strength and endurance were significantly improved after the training program. It is possible to infer that the training program was beneficial for lysine and valine levels, muscle strength and tennis endurance in players.
The Effect of Lactate Resistance Training on Hemoglobin Concentration Performance Endurance and Some Offensive Skills of Under-21 Football Players
Enhancing the functional efficiency of vital components (hemoglobin) to cope with the substantial accumulation of lactate, and improving the efficiency of muscle fibers during high-intensity exertion and pronounced intramuscular lactate buildup—along with increasing these fibers’ capacity to generate the required energy through lactate removal and breakdown during high-intensity training—constitutes a key factor in developing performance endurance. Among the most effective exercises that create these conditions are lactate-resistance training methods. The first aims to elevate lactate to maximal levels without excessive accumulation within muscle fibers, while the second seeks to raise intensity with increased accumulation in order to improve blood hemoglobin concentration and enhance performance endurance, which is strongly associated with the muscles’ tolerance to lactate levels and accumulation. The research problem lies in the reduced ability to maintain speed during the advanced stages of matches and the weak linkage between high physical effort and the accurate and effective execution of complex offensive skills, which may be attributed to insufficient physiological adaptations resulting from the training methods used. The study aimed to identify the effect of lactate-resistance training on hemoglobin concentration, performance endurance, and certain offensive skills among under-21 football players. The research hypothesis posited that lactate-resistance training would have a significant effect on hemoglobin concentration, performance endurance, and selected offensive skills in under-21 football players.ةThe researchers adopted the experimental approach due to its suitability for addressing the nature of the proposed problem. The research sample consisted of under-21 players from Karbala Football Club. The researchers concluded that the scientifically planned and systematically implemented training program applied to the study sample contributed positively to the development of the study variables.
The Effect of Plyo-agility Exercises on Improving agility and Developing Defensive Tracking ability in Basketball players Under 18 Years of Age
The purpose of this research is to show analysis about the effect of plyo-agility drills on agility and defensive rebound in under 18 female basketball players. It evaluates the effectiveness of such exercises for enhancing defensive speed and reactive agility. A pre-post with experiment group design tested the effects of exercise on 12 players from Al-Hilla Basketball Club through 24 sessions for 8 weeks. finding the agility time decreased from 12.5 to 8.25 sec indicating superior speed and reaction. Defensive rebounding repetition count was 17.17-24.17 showed a higher defensive reaction. In contrast, plyo-agility training markedly improves agility and defensive performance of volleyball players. It is recommended to integrate regularly and progressively these tasks into the training process of young players, to gradually increase their intensity, and to train on a cyclic basis for the maintenance of improvements.
Training the tennis serve skill according to the kinetic chain model and its effect on biomechanical variables and the angular kinetic energy index among young players
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a training program based on the kinetic chain concept and the angular kinetic energy index in improving the biomechanical variables of the tennis serve among young players in Iraq. The research adopted a quasi-experimental approach using a one-group design with pre- and post-tests. The sample consisted of 12 young players (aged 16–20 years), intentionally selected from tennis clubs in Baghdad and Basra. Participants underwent a specialized training program for eight weeks, and biomechanical variables were measured using three-dimensional motion analysis devices and high-speed cameras before and after the program. The results revealed statistically significant differences (α ≤ 0.05) between the pre-test and post-test measurements. A substantial improvement was observed in the mean serve speed (from 95 km/h to 117 km/h) and serve accuracy (from 65% to 85%). The findings also indicated a significant enhancement in angular kinetic energy indices and motor coordination efficiency according to the kinetic chain model. The study demonstrated that specialized biomechanical training effectively enhances serve performance among young players. The study recommends that coaches and training academies adopt this training approach to improve performance and reduce injury risk, while emphasizing the need for further research on larger and more diverse samples.
An Analytical Historical Study of the Most Important Iraqi Paralympic Table Tennis Results Achieved Globally for the Period (2023-2025)
The Paralympic Games are considered the third global sporting event after the Olympic Games and the second World Cup for football, as the Paralympic Games are not sports competitions, but are the embodiment of the spirit of humanity, and the research aims to 1- Analyze and know the most important results of Iraqi Paralympic table tennis achieved globally for the period (2023-2025). 2- Analyzing and knowing the most important factors that contributed to achieving the achievement The historical-analytical method was used, the study population: they are all Iraqi players participating in the Arab, international and Paralympic championships. The study sample: It was selected in a deliberate way and included the medalists accredited in the Arab, international and Paralympic countries.The most important conclusions 1- The Iraqi table tennis achieved an achievement and a historic leap from qualifying from the quarter-finals in Nafsat 2021 to the gold and dominating the throne of the game in Paris 2024, which confirms the efficiency of the training programs of the training staff in technical, psychological and tactical preparation, winning and deciding the result, and the most important recommendations came to provide material and technical support for equipment and artificial sports limbs and the development of sports talents to ensure the continuation of the Achievement